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CPAs and fractional CFOs

Built to be audited and built to be executed: an add-back schedule laid out for checking, and a yearly bridge that shows in dollars what your work added.

2-minute readUpdated October 2026

A report that asks to be checked

Every figure traces to an input your client supplied, and every input is marked with where it came from. The add-back schedule is laid out the way a buyer’s quality-of-earnings team will read it, with the evidence beside each line and the lines still waiting on a document called out.

The sample’s add-back scheduleTrailing twelve months, $k
$400k$438k$475k$512k$550k$448kReportedEBITDA+$60kOwner payabovemarket+$22kOne-timeitems$530kNormalizedEBITDA$400k$438k$475k$512k$550kS12$530kE
  1. SReported EBITDA$448k
  2. 1Owner pay above market+$60k
  3. 2One-time items+$22k
  4. ENormalized EBITDA$530k

How to read it. Start from reported EBITDA and add back only what a new owner wouldn’t pay. The scale starts at $400k so the steps are readable.

Reported EBITDA, trailing twelve months · $448,150

General ledger; ties line by line

+ Owner pay above the market rate · $60,000

$200,000 paid, reset to $140,000 for a hired general manager. Owner-stated; not yet documented.

+ One-time items · $22,000

One-time legal and recruiting, invoices on file

= Normalized EBITDA · $530,150

The figure the valuation uses.

Show what the retainer added

A fractional CFO or operating advisor sets measures and works them for a year. The yearly rerun puts a dollar figure on what changed, cause by cause, with method updates and cash on separate lines so nobody can say the engine did the work.

What the sample business did in a yearChange in value by cause, $M
$2.50M$2.90M$3.30M$3.70M$4.10M$3.08MA year ago+$259kManagementdecisions+$216kRunning theplan+$109kCompetitiveposition+$30kForecastassumptions$0Marketconditions+$176kValuationmethodupdates+$68kMore cash,less debt$3.93MToday$2.50M$2.90M$3.30M$3.70M$4.10MS1234567$3.93ME
  1. SA year ago$3.08M
  2. 1Management decisions+$259k
  3. 2Running the plan+$216k
  4. 3Competitive position+$109k
  5. 4Forecast assumptions+$30k
  6. 5Market conditions$0
  7. 6Valuation method updates+$176k
  8. 7More cash, less debt+$68k
  9. EToday$3.93M

How to read it. The first four steps, +$614k, are the business’s own work. Tap any bar to pick it out.

Walk into an unfamiliar industry

Each run reads a dossier for the client’s industry: the operating measures that drive value there, their benchmark ranges, and the regulatory gates a buyer checks. For hosted voice that means price per seat, churn, carrier cost and five gates you might not know to ask about.

Every initiative in the plan ships with its steps, an effort level, an owner role and the odds it lands, so you aren’t asked to execute advice you can’t check.

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